NBME Form 30 Practice Test

The key histological finding in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome is hyaline membrane formation. This condition usually occurs in preterm infants due to insufficient surfactant production, which is crucial for reducing surface tension in the alveoli and preventing their collapse.

In the absence of adequate surfactant, the alveoli collapse, leading to atelectasis and impaired gas exchange. The damaged alveolar epithelium results in the accumulation of proteins and dead cells in the alveolar spaces, forming characteristic hyaline membranes. These membranes are formed by the fibrin and cell debris that line the alveoli, creating a glassy appearance in histological sections.

This finding is critical because it directly relates to the pathophysiology of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, highlighting the importance of surfactant in lung function. Recognizing this histological change can help in diagnosing the syndrome and guiding treatment interventions.