What is the classic triad of symptoms associated with normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH)?

Normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is characterized by a classic triad of symptoms that includes memory loss, gait disturbance, and urinary incontinence. This condition occurs due to an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that leads to ventricular enlargement without a significant increase in intracranial pressure.

Memory loss associated with NPH typically manifests as a progressive cognitive impairment, similar to what is seen in Alzheimer's disease but distinct in its clinical presentation. Gait disturbance may present as a shuffling walk, difficulty in initiating movement, or a tendency to fall. Urinary incontinence is often observed as a loss of bladder control, which can be quite distressing for patients.

The combination of these symptoms is key for clinicians when considering a diagnosis of NPH, and they may help tailor further diagnostic imaging or interventions. Understanding this triad is crucial for effective recognition and management of the condition, particularly because the symptoms can be overlooked or attributed to other age-related issues.